Word Group 1

Latin                    English

calamitas
causa                    cause
clamor
cura                      cure, care
elephantus
Europa
forma                   form
fungus                  mushroom
industria
intellegentia
Italia                    Italy
nobilis
palma
populus              people      
Roma                 Rome
violentia

Morphology

Morphology: a branch of linguistics concerned with analyzing the structure of words. The morphology of a given word is its structure or form.

Latin is a language
Dead as it can be.
First it killed the Romans
And now it's killing me!

Verbal Moods

Mood refers to the way the speaker treats an action.

Indicative mood:        He is here.
Imperative mood:       Be here!
Subjunctive mood:     If he were here.....
Infinitive mood:          to be (an action in general without assigning any person to it.)

Verbal Tenses

Latin verb has six tenses, three for the "continuous" aspect, three for the "completed" aspect:

Present tense:                     I am going.
Imperfect tense:                  I was going.
Future tense:                      I will go.

Perfect tense:                     I went.
Pluperfect tense:                I had gone.
Future perfect tense:          I will have gone.

Latin Verbs

Verbs have five basic characteristics: person, number, tense, mood, and voice.

Person: first person, second person, and third person.
Number: singular or plural.
Tense: past, present, future, and aspect--an action in progress or a single completed act.
Mood: the way the speaker treats an action.
Voice: active, passive, and middle voice--I love myself.

Noun Dictionary Entries

For Latin nouns, there are 4 items presented in dictionary entries:

pēs,  pedis  m  foot: pēs is the nominative singular form. pedis is the genitive/possessive singular form.

m: gender of the word. f. feminine; n. neuter.

A noun is sorted into one of the five declensions based on its genitive case ending, so if we know the genitive, we know which declension it belongs to. Also from pedis, we know the stem is ped-, the part that doesn't change.

Genitive endings of all five declensions:
 Declension        Genitive Ending
1st                       -ae
2nd                       -ī
3rd                       -is
4th                       -ūs
5th                       -ēī

Grammatical Gender

A Latin noun has grammatical gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter.

English uses natural gender, which classifies nouns by physical characteristics.

Latin and her daughter modern languages, such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, et al., operate with both natural and grammatical genders.