Mood refers to the way the speaker treats an action.
Indicative mood: He is here.
Imperative mood: Be here!
Subjunctive mood: If he were here.....
Infinitive mood: to be (an action in general without assigning any person to it.)
10/30/09
Verbal Tenses
Latin verb has six tenses, three for the "continuous" aspect, three for the "completed" aspect:
Present tense: I am going.
Imperfect tense: I was going.
Future tense: I will go.
Perfect tense: I went.
Pluperfect tense: I had gone.
Future perfect tense: I will have gone.
Present tense: I am going.
Imperfect tense: I was going.
Future tense: I will go.
Perfect tense: I went.
Pluperfect tense: I had gone.
Future perfect tense: I will have gone.
Latin Verbs
Verbs have five basic characteristics: person, number, tense, mood, and voice.
Person: first person, second person, and third person.
Number: singular or plural.
Tense: past, present, future, and aspect--an action in progress or a single completed act.
Mood: the way the speaker treats an action.
Voice: active, passive, and middle voice--I love myself.
Person: first person, second person, and third person.
Number: singular or plural.
Tense: past, present, future, and aspect--an action in progress or a single completed act.
Mood: the way the speaker treats an action.
Voice: active, passive, and middle voice--I love myself.
Noun Dictionary Entries
For Latin nouns, there are 4 items presented in dictionary entries:
pēs, pedis m foot: pēs is the nominative singular form. pedis is the genitive/possessive singular form.
m: gender of the word. f. feminine; n. neuter.
A noun is sorted into one of the five declensions based on its genitive case ending, so if we know the genitive, we know which declension it belongs to. Also from pedis, we know the stem is ped-, the part that doesn't change.
Genitive endings of all five declensions:
Declension Genitive Ending
1st -ae
2nd -ī
3rd -is
4th -ūs
5th -ēī
pēs, pedis m foot: pēs is the nominative singular form. pedis is the genitive/possessive singular form.
m: gender of the word. f. feminine; n. neuter.
A noun is sorted into one of the five declensions based on its genitive case ending, so if we know the genitive, we know which declension it belongs to. Also from pedis, we know the stem is ped-, the part that doesn't change.
Genitive endings of all five declensions:
Declension Genitive Ending
1st -ae
2nd -ī
3rd -is
4th -ūs
5th -ēī
Grammatical Gender
A Latin noun has grammatical gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter.
English uses natural gender, which classifies nouns by physical characteristics.
Latin and her daughter modern languages, such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, et al., operate with both natural and grammatical genders.
English uses natural gender, which classifies nouns by physical characteristics.
Latin and her daughter modern languages, such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, et al., operate with both natural and grammatical genders.
Latin Nouns
Five declensions: Latin nouns are divided into five groups called declensions: first declension, second declension....
Cases: In Latin's mother language, Proto-Indo-European (PIE), nouns could interact with verbs in eight ways. Each way was called case.
Nominative/Subjective: He walked the dog.
Genitive/Possessive: His idea was ridiculous.
Accusative/Objective: I smacked him.
Dative: It was an interesting day for him.
Ablative: This bookcase was built by him.
Instrumental: We went to Rome with him.
Locative: A bug was crawling on him.
Vocative: Dude!
In Latin, the ablative case absorbed the instrumental and locative cases.
Cases: In Latin's mother language, Proto-Indo-European (PIE), nouns could interact with verbs in eight ways. Each way was called case.
Nominative/Subjective: He walked the dog.
Genitive/Possessive: His idea was ridiculous.
Accusative/Objective: I smacked him.
Dative: It was an interesting day for him.
Ablative: This bookcase was built by him.
Instrumental: We went to Rome with him.
Locative: A bug was crawling on him.
Vocative: Dude!
In Latin, the ablative case absorbed the instrumental and locative cases.
Inflection vs. Analysis
The difference is syntax between the two types of languages. Analytical languages like English rely on word order to show relationships. Inflected languages like Latin use word endings, not order, to make sentences comprehensible.
Latin is highly inflected, especially its nouns and verbs. The heart of a Latin sentence is the verb. The job of all the other words and groups is to modify the verb in some way.
Latin is highly inflected, especially its nouns and verbs. The heart of a Latin sentence is the verb. The job of all the other words and groups is to modify the verb in some way.
Accent
The last three syllables of a word have special names. From the last: ultima, penult, and antepenult.
Put the stress on the penult if it is long; otherwise, put it on the antepenult.
Put the stress on the penult if it is long; otherwise, put it on the antepenult.
Diphthongs
A diohthong is a pair of vowels spoken like one vowel.
ae aisle
au owl
ei freight
eu feud
oe boy
ui we
ae aisle
au owl
ei freight
eu feud
oe boy
ui we
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